Urgent Need for a Performance-Based Approach for Seismic Assessment and Design of Fastenings Used in Structural Applications_Crimson publishers

Opinion
Fasteners or anchors are widely used to form the connections between non-structural or structural components and the primary reinforced concrete structure. The design of fastenings in concrete is traditionally performed using force-based method, where the design load for the fastening is calculated corresponding to different possible failure modes and the lowest value defines the allowable load that can be applied for the anchorages [1-4]. Under seismic actions, the fasteners in concrete are subjected to relatively strong demands of cycling tension and shear loads as well as opening and closing of cracks intercepting the fasteners (Figure 1).

Although the seismic design philosophy for reinforced concrete structures relies heavily on the ductility and nonlinear performance of the structure, the current philosophy for seismic assessment and design of fasteners is primarily force-based, with an indirect check of dis placements performed in certain cases [5]. This approach might be sufficient for the assessment of non-structural connections where the maximum load acting on the fasteners can be reasonably estimated. However, for the fasteners used to form structural connections, this approach can be rather unreliable as it does not provide the required information necessary for the assessment of structural connections. Once the structure goes beyond elastic limit, forces acting on the structural connections and therefore on the fasteners become less relevant while the displacement demands and the hysteretic behavior become important. As the fastening itself goes beyond its elastic limit, a force-based assessment method and design becomes less informative than required. This applies equally to structural connections formed using post-installed fasteners as well as with post-installed reinforcing bars such as column-foundation connections, beam-wall connections etc. 

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